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Empires And Kingdoms 6th To 10th Centuries

Learning Objectives

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Understand the qualities a historian should possess according to Kalhana.
Analyze Kalhana's method of gathering information and compare it with contemporary historical writing.
Discuss the significance of being 'free from love or hatred' in historical accounts and its impact on reliability.
Identify the major dynasties that rose and fell in India between the 6th and 10th centuries.
Recognize the contributions of key figures in mathematics and astronomy during this period.
Explore the cultural and political developments that shaped India during the 6th to 10th centuries.
Examine the role of foreign invasions and interactions in Indian society and polity.

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Revision Notes & Summary

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Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries

Overview

This chapter surveys the main figures and developments in India from the end of the Gupta era (around 600 CE) to about 1200 CE.
Numerous dynasties rose and fell, with some achieving the status of empires, but rarely lasting more than a couple of centuries.

Chief Dynasties

Puşhyabhūtis and Kãrkoṭas
Pãlas & Gurjara-Pratihãras
Varmans
Eastern Rãshtrakūṭas
Chãlukyas
Pallavas
Cholas
Pãndyas and Cheras

Key Developments

Political Changes: The fall of large empires led to smaller, decentralized kingdoms.
Cultural Interactions: Trade with Arabia existed long before the rise of Islam, influencing language and culture.
Social Structure: The traditional jãtis multiplied, creating complex communities.

Important Figures

Kalhana: A historian who emphasized objectivity in recounting history.
Adi Śhankarāchārya: An 8th-century scholar of the advaita vedãnta school.

Advances in Science and Technology

Brahmagupta: Introduced rules of arithmetic operations with zero, negative numbers, and fractions.
Bhãskara I: Worked in trigonometry and wrote a commentary on the Aryabhatiya.
Virahãnka: Established the Virahänka-Fibonacci sequence.

Cultural Impact

The bhakti movement emerged, promoting a personal relationship with the divine across social divisions.
Significant centers of learning like Vikramaśhilã were established, influencing education and philosophy.

Trade and Economy

Indian society remained largely rural and agrarian, with urban centers thriving in both north and south India.
Merchant guilds played a crucial role in trade and supported religious and charitable activities.

Conclusion

This period was marked by a rich tapestry of political, cultural, and social developments that shaped the history of India.

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