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Cultural Change

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Summary

Summary of Social Change and Development in India

Key Concepts

  • Cultural Change: Involves debates on practices like polygamy and sati among reformers.
  • Sanskritisation: Process where lower castes adopt customs of higher castes.
  • Modernisation: Linked to technological and societal improvements, distinct in the Indian context due to colonialism.
  • Secularisation: Associated with the shift from traditional to modern values.
  • Westernisation: Changes in Indian society due to British rule, affecting technology, institutions, and ideologies.

Social Reform Movements

  • Emerged in response to colonial challenges, addressing social evils like sati and child marriage.
  • Key figures include Raja Ram Mohun Roy and Pandita Ramabai, who combined modern ideas with traditional texts.

Impact of Colonialism

  • Brought structural changes in society, altering work and living arrangements.
  • Led to the emergence of a new educated middle class that engaged with Western ideas.

Critiques of Sanskritisation

  • Exaggerates social mobility without structural change.
  • Reinforces upper caste superiority and perpetuates inequality.
  • Erodes unique cultural identities of lower castes.

Conclusion

  • Social change in India is complex, influenced by colonialism and the interplay of tradition and modernity.

Learning Objectives

  • Understand and analyze the concept of sanskritisation and its implications on social mobility.
  • Evaluate the impact of modernisation on traditional practices and societal structures.
  • Discuss the process of secularisation and its relationship with modern ideas.
  • Examine the effects of westernisation on Indian society and culture.
  • Critically assess the role of social reform movements in addressing social evils in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
  • Explore the interplay between caste and politics in contemporary India.
  • Investigate the paradoxes of colonial modernity and its influence on Indian identity.

Detailed Notes

Cultural Change

Overview of Cultural Change

  • Cultural change involves various processes including sanskritisation, modernisation, secularisation, and westernisation.
  • These processes often overlap and coexist in Indian society.

Key Concepts

Sanskritisation

  • Definition: Sanskritisation is the process by which a 'low' caste or tribe adopts the customs, rituals, beliefs, and lifestyle of a higher caste, particularly the 'twice-born' (dwija) castes.
  • Critiques:
    • Exaggerates social mobility without structural change.
    • Accepts upper caste norms as superior, leading to inequality.
    • Justifies practices of pollution and purity.
    • Erodes dalit culture and identities based on work and crafts.

Modernisation

  • Definition: Modernisation refers to the transformation of society through technological and social advancements, often linked to Western ideals.
  • Characteristics:
    • Shift from traditional ties to universal commitments.
    • Emphasis on individualism over group identity.
    • Separation of work from family and community.

Secularisation

  • Definition: Secularisation involves the diminishing influence of religious institutions and ideologies in public life.
  • Relation to Modernisation: Both processes are interconnected and part of the broader modern ideas.

Westernisation

  • Definition: Westernisation encompasses the changes in Indian society and culture resulting from over 150 years of British rule, affecting technology, institutions, ideologies, and values.

Social Reform Movements

  • The 19th and early 20th centuries saw social reform movements addressing issues like sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination.
  • Reformers combined modern ideas with traditional literature to challenge social evils.
  • Examples include Raja Ram Mohun Roy's opposition to sati and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's advocacy for modern education.

Conclusion

  • The chapter illustrates how colonialism shaped social change in India, leading to a complex interplay of tradition and modernity, and the active questioning of cultural norms.

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

  • Misunderstanding Sanskritisation: Many students exaggerate the social mobility aspect of sanskritisation, believing it leads to structural change rather than just positional change for individuals.
  • Overlooking the Ideological Implications: Students often fail to recognize that sanskritisation implies the superiority of upper caste practices, which can perpetuate inequality.
  • Neglecting Gender Differences: It's a common mistake to assume that sanskritisation affects all genders equally; it often has different implications for women compared to men.
  • Ignoring the Cultural Erosion: Students may overlook how sanskritisation can lead to the erosion of distinct dalit cultures and identities.

Exam Tips

  • Clarify Definitions: Make sure to clearly define key terms like sanskritisation, modernisation, secularisation, and westernisation in your answers.
  • Use Examples: When discussing social reform movements, provide specific examples of reformers and their contributions to illustrate your points.
  • Discuss Interconnections: Highlight how the processes of social change overlap and coexist, particularly in the context of colonialism and its impact on Indian society.
  • Analyze Critiques: Be prepared to discuss the criticisms of concepts like sanskritisation and how they relate to broader social structures and inequalities.

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

A.

It led to a complete acceptance of Western ideas without questioning.

B.

It prompted a rejection of all traditional texts.

C.

It led to a fresh look at traditional texts and a reinterpretation of tradition.

D.

It had no impact on their views on tradition.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The excerpts state that the colonial experience led Indian nationalists to both adopt Western ideas and actively question and reinterpret tradition.

A.

Caste and politics operate independently of each other.

B.

Politics in India is organized along caste lines to mobilize support.

C.

Caste has completely disappeared from Indian politics.

D.

Caste is irrelevant in modern Indian political processes.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Kothari argues that in a caste-oriented society, politics must strive to organize through the caste structure, as it provides one of the principal organizational clusters for mobilizing support.

A.

He supported it as a traditional Hindu practice.

B.

He attacked it using humanitarian and natural rights doctrines.

C.

He ignored it and focused on other social issues.

D.

He sought to reinforce it through religious texts.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Raja Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati using humanitarian and natural rights doctrines.

A.

It was seen as a means to preserve traditional Naga culture.

B.

It was considered irrelevant to the Naga way of life.

C.

It was viewed as a pathway to upward mobility and a means of communication among diverse tribes.

D.

It was primarily used to promote British colonial interests.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Education was perceived as a gateway to upward mobility and a medium for communication among diverse tribes, as highlighted by the Naga people's experiences.

A.

Education was seen as irrelevant to social and economic advancement.

B.

Education served as a means of upward mobility and a medium for communication among diverse linguistic groups.

C.

Education was limited to religious studies and had no impact on modernisation.

D.

Education was discouraged by the British to maintain control over the Indian population.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Education was viewed as a gateway to upward mobility and a medium for communication among diverse linguistic groups, facilitating modernisation.

A.

It leads to structural change in society.

B.

It promotes equality among different castes.

C.

It exaggerates social mobility and does not lead to structural change.

D.

It encourages the use of modern technology.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Sanskritisation has been criticized for exaggerating social mobility and for not leading to any structural change, only positional change for some individuals.

A.

It is a process where lower castes attempt to emulate the practices of upper castes to improve their social status.

B.

It is the adoption of Western cultural traits by Indian society.

C.

It is the process of industrialisation and urbanisation in India.

D.

It is the influence of British colonial rule on Indian politics.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Sanskritisation refers to the process where lower castes attempt to emulate the practices of upper castes to improve their social status. This concept is discussed in the context of social mobility and the desire to adopt the ways of the upper castes.

A.

Introduction of modern technology

B.

Complete eradication of caste system

C.

Universal adoption of Western attire

D.

Elimination of traditional languages
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Colonialism introduced modern technology, which was a significant impact on Indian society.

A.

Colonialism led to the complete disappearance of traditional social systems.

B.

Colonialism introduced industrialisation and urbanisation, altering social structures significantly.

C.

Colonialism preserved traditional social systems without any change.

D.

Colonialism had no impact on the cultural practices of India.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Colonialism introduced industrialisation and urbanisation, which transformed the lives of people and altered the social structures significantly.

A.

Brahmo Samaj

B.

Arya Samaj

C.

Dharma Sabha

D.

Anjuman-E-Khawatn-E-Islam
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Brahmo Samaj opposed the practice of sati.

A.

Politics in India has completely eliminated caste identities.

B.

Caste identities have no influence on political mobilisation in India.

C.

Caste structures provide organisational clusters for political mobilisation in a caste-oriented society.

D.

Caste identities are irrelevant in modern Indian politics.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

In a caste-oriented society like India, caste structures provide organisational clusters that politicians use for political mobilisation and power consolidation.

A.

By completely replacing traditional Indian cultural practices with Western ones.

B.

Through the adoption of Western technology, dress, and lifestyle by certain sections of society.

C.

By enforcing Western political systems and governance structures.

D.

By mandating the use of the English language across all Indian states.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Westernisation in India involved the adoption of Western technology, dress, and lifestyle, particularly by the middle class, as described in the text.

A.

It was identical to the Western model of development.

B.

It involved a unique blend of modern ideas and traditional practices.

C.

It rejected all forms of Western influence.

D.

It focused solely on technological advancements.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In India, modernisation involved a unique blend of modern ideas and traditional practices, distinct from the Western model of development.

A.

Raja Ram Mohun Roy

B.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

C.

Kandukiri Viresalingam

D.

Jahanara Shah Nawas
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Raja Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati on the basis of both humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well as Hindu shastras.

A.

Arya Samaj

B.

Brahmo Samaj

C.

The movement led by Ranade

D.

The movement led by Raja Ram Mohun Roy
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The movement led by Ranade focused on promoting widow remarriage based on shastric sanction, as he elaborated in his writings on the lawfulness of widow remarriage.

A.

It only refers to technological advancements.

B.

It is identical to the process in Western countries.

C.

It includes both technological improvements and changes in social values.

D.

It solely focuses on economic development.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Modernisation in India includes technological improvements as well as changes in social values, distinct from the Western experience.

A.

Westernisation solely involved the adoption of western attire and lifestyle.

B.

Westernisation included adopting modern values of democracy and equality.

C.

Westernisation involved both external cultural traits and cognitive patterns.

D.

Westernisation was rejected by all sections of Indian society.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Westernisation in India involved the adoption of external cultural traits such as dress and technology, as well as cognitive patterns and ways of thinking.

A.

Changes in technology and institutions.

B.

Adoption of upper caste rituals.

C.

Changes in ideology and values.

D.

Influence from over 150 years of British rule.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Westernisation, as defined by M.N. Srinivas, involves changes in technology, institutions, ideology, and values due to British rule, not the adoption of upper caste rituals.

A.

It provided a structural change in the caste system.

B.

It allowed for positional change without altering the overall structure of inequality.

C.

It eliminated caste-based discrimination entirely.

D.

It was primarily a movement led by upper castes.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Sanskritisation allowed for positional change for some individuals within the caste system but did not lead to structural changes, meaning the overall system of inequality persisted.

A.

By focusing on economic policies.

B.

By organizing through caste structures.

C.

By promoting Western cultural values.

D.

By avoiding any form of social organization.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Politicians in India mobilize support by organizing through caste structures, as these provide principal organizational clusters.

A.

It involves adopting the customs and rituals of higher castes.

B.

It is the process of industrialisation and urbanisation.

C.

It refers to the spread of Western cultural traits.

D.

It is the adoption of modern technology and production processes.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Sanskritisation involves adopting the customs, rituals, and practices of higher castes, often seen as a way for lower castes to improve their social status.

A.

It promotes rapid structural change in society.

B.

It exaggerates social mobility and reinforces caste-based inequality.

C.

It completely eliminates caste discrimination.

D.

It leads to economic prosperity for all castes.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Sanskritisation has been criticized for exaggerating social mobility and reinforcing caste-based inequality by promoting the adoption of upper caste practices without structural change.

A.

Colonialism had no significant impact on Indian social structures.

B.

Colonialism led to the complete disappearance of traditional Indian practices.

C.

Colonialism introduced new cultural practices and prompted social reform movements in India.

D.

Colonialism only affected the economic aspects of Indian society.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The excerpts highlight that colonialism brought about significant cultural changes and prompted social reform movements aimed at addressing social evils and discrimination.

A.

It led to the disappearance of caste structures.

B.

It introduced industrialisation and urbanisation.

C.

It eliminated caste-based politics.

D.

It reduced the importance of education.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Colonialism brought in changes that altered the structure of Indian society, including industrialisation and urbanisation.

A.

From universal commitments to local ties.

B.

From emotional truths to scientific reasoning.

C.

From individual choice to group identity.

D.

From secular to religious governance.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Modernisation in India emphasized a shift from emotional truths to scientific reasoning, highlighting the precedence of utility, calculation, and science over emotions and the sacred.

A.

They facilitated the rapid spread of new ideas across different regions.

B.

They primarily served to reinforce traditional social structures.

C.

They were used exclusively by colonial authorities to control the population.

D.

They had little impact on the exchange of ideas among reformers.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

New technologies such as the printing press, telegraph, and railways facilitated the rapid spread of new ideas across different regions, enabling social reformers to exchange ideas more effectively.

A.

Caste structures are completely irrelevant in modern politics.

B.

Caste provides a principal organisational cluster for political mobilisation.

C.

Politics in India is entirely free from caste influences.

D.

Caste identities have disappeared due to modernisation.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Caste provides one of the principal organisational clusters along which the bulk of the population is found to live, and politics must strive to organise through such a structure.

A.

It was seen as a way to preserve traditional customs.

B.

It was viewed as a gateway to upward mobility and communication.

C.

It was considered unnecessary for progress.

D.

It was primarily for religious purposes.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Education was seen as a gateway to upward mobility and a medium for communication among Nagas who came into contact with Europeans.

A.

A process where lower castes adopt the rituals and practices of upper castes to improve their social status.

B.

The adoption of Western cultural traits by Indian society.

C.

A movement aimed at promoting the use of Sanskrit language across all castes.

D.

The transformation of Indian politics to align with traditional caste systems.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Sanskritisation refers to the process where lower castes attempt to elevate their social status by adopting the rituals, practices, and lifestyle of upper castes, as described in the text.

A.

Education was seen as a means to preserve traditional Naga culture.

B.

Education was viewed as a gateway to upward mobility and communication.

C.

Education was discouraged by the British administration.

D.

Education was only important for men and not women.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The text describes how education was seen as a gateway to upward mobility and a medium for communication among Nagas.

A.

The invention of the telephone

B.

The introduction of the printing press

C.

The development of the internet

D.

The use of radio broadcasting
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The introduction of the printing press was a significant technological advancement that facilitated the spread of new ideas during colonial India, as it allowed for the rapid dissemination of literature and reformist ideas.

A.

They slowed down the exchange of ideas.

B.

They had no impact on cultural change.

C.

They facilitated the quick movement of new ideas.

D.

They were only used for military purposes.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

New technologies like the printing press and telegraph helped quick movement of new ideas.

A.

Politics in India is completely independent of caste structures.

B.

Caste structures have no influence on political mobilization in India.

C.

Caste identities are often mobilized by politicians to consolidate power.

D.

Caste structures are irrelevant in modern Indian politics.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The excerpts explain that politicians in India often mobilize caste identities to organize and consolidate power, making caste a significant factor in political processes.

A.

They were solely based on traditional literature.

B.

They combined modern ideas of western liberalism with traditional literature.

C.

They focused only on economic reforms.

D.

They aimed to preserve caste discrimination.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The 19th century social reform movements in India were marked by a creative combination of modern ideas of western liberalism and a new look on traditional literature.

A.

Organizing through caste structures

B.

Focusing on economic policies

C.

Promoting environmental issues

D.

Advocating for international relations
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Politicians in India often mobilize support by organizing through caste structures, as these provide principal organizational clusters.

A.

It led to the complete eradication of caste-based discrimination.

B.

It provided a modern context and mix of ideas for reform.

C.

It resulted in the isolation of reformers from global ideas.

D.

It discouraged any form of social change.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Colonialism provided a modern context and mix of ideas, combining western liberalism with traditional literature, which influenced the social reform movements in 19th century India.

A.

They had no significant impact on cultural change.

B.

They slowed down the spread of new ideas.

C.

They facilitated the quick movement of new ideas and communication across regions.

D.

They only benefited the British administration.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The excerpts describe how technologies like the printing press, telegraph, and railways expedited communication and the spread of new ideas, aiding cultural change.

A.

Adopting modern values of democracy and equality.

B.

Imitating external forms of Western culture.

C.

Complete rejection of traditional Indian practices.

D.

Focusing on agricultural advancements.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Westernisation in India often involves the imitation of external forms of Western culture, such as technology, dress, and lifestyle.

A.

It promotes the values of Western culture over traditional Indian practices.

B.

It exaggerates the scope of social mobility for lower castes without addressing structural inequality.

C.

It leads to the complete disappearance of caste identities in Indian society.

D.

It encourages the adoption of modern technology without understanding its cultural impact.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

A significant criticism of 'sanskritisation' is that it exaggerates the scope of social mobility for lower castes, as it only allows for positional changes without addressing the underlying structural inequalities.

A.

It only influenced the elite class.

B.

It led to the adoption of modern values of democracy and equality.

C.

It involved the imitation of external forms of culture without necessarily adopting modern values.

D.

It had no significant impact on Indian culture.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Westernisation involved the imitation of external forms of culture and did not necessarily mean the adoption of modern values of democracy and equality.

A.

Brahmo Samaj

B.

Arya Samaj

C.

All-India Muslim Ladies Conference

D.

Dharma Sabha
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The All-India Muslim Ladies Conference was founded in 1914 to promote the interests of Muslim women.

A.

Adoption of Western cultural traits such as dress and food.

B.

A complete rejection of traditional Indian values.

C.

The emergence of a Westernised sub-cultural pattern among a minority.

D.

Influence on Indian art and literature.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The excerpts discuss the adoption of Western traits and the influence on art and literature but do not mention a complete rejection of traditional Indian values.

A.

Westernisation only refers to the adoption of Western attire and lifestyle.

B.

Westernisation involves the imitation of external forms of culture without necessarily adopting modern democratic values.

C.

Westernisation led to the complete rejection of traditional Indian culture.

D.

Westernisation had no influence on Indian art and literature.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Westernisation involves the imitation of external forms of culture, such as lifestyle and technology, without necessarily adopting modern democratic values.

A.

It led to the complete eradication of traditional practices.

B.

It introduced modern ideas and prompted a rethinking of tradition.

C.

It was rejected entirely by Indian reformers.

D.

It had no significant impact on Indian society.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Western education introduced modern ideas and prompted a rethinking and reinterpretation of tradition, influencing social reform movements and nationalist ideas.

A.

Westernisation led to the complete adoption of modern values of democracy and equality.

B.

Westernisation involved only the imitation of external forms of culture.

C.

Westernisation had no influence on Indian art and literature.

D.

Westernisation was limited to the adoption of western attire.
Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Westernisation involved the imitation of external forms of culture and did not necessarily mean the adoption of modern values of democracy and equality.

A.

By completely replacing traditional Indian cultural practices with Western ones.

B.

By introducing democratic and egalitarian values universally across Indian society.

C.

By influencing Indian art, literature, and intellectual thought, leading to a blend of Western and indigenous traditions.

D.

By enforcing Western religious practices on the Indian population.
Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Westernisation in Indian society manifested beyond attire and lifestyle by influencing art, literature, and intellectual thought, leading to a synthesis of Western and indigenous traditions, as seen in the works of artists like Ravi Varma.

A.

It emphasized the role of secular factors in upward mobility.

B.

It led to the complete eradication of caste.

C.

It promoted the use of Sanskrit in regional languages.

D.

It discouraged any form of social mobility.
Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Backward Classes Movement emphasized the role of secular factors in the upward mobility of caste groups and individuals.

True or False

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Westernisation in India involves more than just adopting Western attire and lifestyle. It includes the spread of Western cultural traits such as technology, dress, food, and changes in habits and styles, but does not necessarily mean adopting modern values of democracy and equality.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Caste structures have not disappeared in modern Indian politics. Instead, they have taken new forms under the impact of modern politics, where politicians often mobilize caste groupings to organize their power.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation has been criticized for not leading to structural change but rather only positional change of some individuals within the existing social hierarchy.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The social reform movements in 19th century India were a creative combination of modern ideas of Western liberalism and a new look on traditional literature.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The colonial experience prompted some to take a fresh look at traditional texts, while others rejected them. It was not a blanket rejection.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Caste identities continue to play a significant role in modern Indian politics, as politicians often mobilize caste groupings and identities to organize their power.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation has been criticized for not leading to structural changes but only positional changes for some individuals.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The colonial experience in India had lasting consequences that were often unintended and paradoxical, influencing various aspects of social change and development.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Sanskritisation results in the adoption of upper caste rites and rituals, such as secluding girls and women, adopting dowry practices, and practicing caste discrimination against other groups.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Colonialism led to the growth of an English-educated Indian middle class who read Western thinkers and philosophers.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Modernisation in India is distinct due to its colonial context, which differs from the development path in Western Europe and North America.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation is criticized for not leading to structural changes but only positional changes of some individuals within an unequal structure.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation has been criticized for not leading to structural change but only positional change for some individuals, thus allowing inequality to persist.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Raja Ram Mohun Roy attacked the practice of sati by appealing to humanitarian and natural rights doctrines as well as Hindu shastras.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Caste structures have not disappeared but have transformed under the impact of modern politics. Politicians often mobilize caste groupings to organize their power.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation has been criticized for not leading to structural changes but only positional changes for some individuals, while inequality continues to persist.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Modernisation in India is distinct from the Western experience due to its development within the colonial context, which influenced its unique trajectory.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The social reform movements creatively combined modern Western ideas of liberalism with a new perspective on traditional literature.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The traditional social system in India was indeed organized around caste structures and caste identities, as recognized by everyone.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Westernisation involves more than just adopting Western attire and lifestyle; it also includes changes in technology, institutions, ideology, and values.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation is criticized for not leading to structural changes but only positional changes for some individuals within the existing unequal structure.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Western education significantly impacted traditional Indian society, contributing to social reform and the rise of a new middle class.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The colonial experience led to unintended and paradoxical consequences, influencing social change in India significantly.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The social reform movements in 19th century India creatively combined modern ideas of Western liberalism with a new perspective on traditional literature.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The 19th century social reform movements in India were a creative combination of modern ideas of Western liberalism and a new interpretation of traditional literature.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Modernisation in India was distinct from the Western path due to its colonial context.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Sanskritisation does not lead to structural changes in society; it only results in positional changes for some individuals within the existing unequal structure.