Peasants: Zamindars and the State

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Summary

Summary of the Ain-i Akbari

Overview: The Ain-i Akbari is a comprehensive account of the Mughal Empire during Akbar's reign, compiled by Abu'l Fazl.
Structure: Composed of five books (daftars):
- Book 1 (manzil-abadi): Focuses on the imperial household and its maintenance.
- Book 2 (sipah-abadi): Covers military and civil administration, including biographies of officials.
- Book 3 (mulk-abadi): Deals with fiscal matters, providing detailed quantitative data on revenue and land classification.
- Books 4 & 5: Discuss religious, literary, and cultural traditions, including Akbar's sayings.
Land Classification: Akbar classified lands into categories such as:
- Polaj: Annually cultivated land.
- Parauti: Land left fallow to recover.
- Chachar: Land fallow for 3-4 years.
- Banjar: Uncultivated land for over 5 years.
Revenue Assessment: Revenue was assessed based on the type of land and its productivity, with a third of the medium produce taken as royal dues.
Importance: The Ain provides insights into the administration, society, and economy of the Mughal Empire, though it has limitations in data uniformity and accuracy.
Historical Significance: It serves as a vital source for understanding agrarian society and the Mughal fiscal system.

Learning Objectives

Identify and describe the key components of agrarian society in the Mughal Empire.
Analyze the role of peasants and zamindars in agricultural production.
Examine the impact of the Mughal state on rural society and agricultural practices.
Assess the significance of the Ain as a historical source for understanding the Mughal Empire.
Compare and contrast the agricultural practices of the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries with contemporary practices.
Explore the social dynamics within village communities, including caste relations and gender roles.
Investigate the economic links between villages and towns during the Mughal period.
Discuss the transformation of forest dwellers' lives and their interactions with the state.

Detailed Notes

Themes in Indian History - Part II

Overview of the Ain

The Ain is a significant document from the Mughal Empire during Akbar's reign, providing intricate quantitative information about various provinces (subas).
It consists of five books (daftars):
- Book 1: Manzil-abadi - Concerns the imperial household and its maintenance.
- Book 2: Sipah-abadi - Covers military and civil administration, including biographical sketches of officials.
- Book 3: Mulk-abadi - Deals with fiscal matters, providing detailed statistical information on revenue rates and the Twelve Provinces.
- Books 4 & 5 - Focus on religious, literary, and cultural traditions, including Akbar's sayings.

Structure of Mulk-abadi

Provides a detailed view of agrarian society in northern India, including:
1. Parganat/Mahal
2. Qila (forts)
3. Arazi and Zamin-i Paimuda (measured area)
4. Naqdi (revenue assessed in cash)
5. Suyurghal (grants of revenue in charity)
6. Zamindars
7. Caste details of zamindars
8. Troops details (horsemen, foot-soldiers, elephants)

Classification of Lands under Akbar

The Ain classifies lands based on cultivation:
- Polaj: Annually cultivated land.
- Parauti: Land left out of cultivation for recovery.
- Chachar: Land fallow for 3-4 years.
- Banjar: Uncultivated land for 5+ years.
Revenue is assessed based on the medium produce of these classifications.

Role of Women in Agrarian Society

Women participated in agricultural production alongside men, performing tasks such as sowing, weeding, and harvesting.
They also engaged in artisanal tasks like spinning and pottery.
Women's roles were crucial due to their contributions to both household labor and economic production.

Limitations of the Ain

While the Ain is a valuable historical source, it has limitations:
- Errors in totaling and transcription.
- Skewed data collection across provinces, with some areas lacking detailed information.
- Prices and wages are primarily documented around Agra, limiting broader relevance.

Conclusion

Despite its limitations, the Ain remains an extraordinary document, providing insights into the structure and organization of the Mughal Empire and its agrarian society.

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Misinterpretation of Sources: Students often misinterpret the Ain as a purely factual document without recognizing its limitations and biases. It is crucial to understand that it reflects the perspective of the Mughal state.
Neglecting Context: Failing to consider the socio-economic context of the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries can lead to oversimplified conclusions about agrarian society.
Overlooking Caste Dynamics: Many students overlook the complexities of caste relations and their impact on social and economic interactions in agrarian society.

Tips for Exam Preparation

Analyze Primary Sources: When studying the Ain, focus on its structure and the types of information it provides, as well as its limitations. Be prepared to discuss how historians use it critically.
Understand Agrarian Relationships: Familiarize yourself with the relationships between peasants, zamindars, and the state. Be ready to explain how these relationships influenced agricultural production and revenue collection.
Discuss Gender Roles: Be prepared to discuss the roles of women in agrarian society, including their contributions to agricultural production and the impact of societal norms on their work.
Connect Themes: Make connections between different themes, such as the role of trade and money in rural economies and the influence of the Mughal state on local practices.
Practice Writing: Work on concise and clear writing for short essays, ensuring you can articulate your arguments effectively within the word limit.

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

Polaj

Parauti

Chachar

Banjar

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Parauti is land left out of cultivation for a time that it may recover its strength.

Ensuring imperial regulations were carried out in the provinces

Collecting taxes from the peasants

Leading military expeditions

Maintaining royal palaces

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Amin was an official responsible for ensuring that imperial regulations were carried out in the provinces.

By the type of crops grown

By the frequency of cultivation

By the size of the landholdings

By the fertility of the soil

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Under Akbar, land was classified based on the frequency of cultivation: Polaj was annually cultivated, Parauti was left fallow temporarily, Chachar was fallow for three to four years, and Banjar was uncultivated for five years or more.

To manage the emperor's personal household.

To oversee the collection of taxes from the villages.

To look after the civil and military affairs of the state.

To maintain the emperor's private library.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The mansabdars were responsible for looking after the civil and military affairs of the state as part of the Mughal administrative system.

Polaj is land that is annually cultivated and never left fallow.

Parauti is land that is left uncultivated for over five years.

Chachar is land cultivated continuously for three or four years.

Banjar is land that is cultivated every alternate year.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari classifies Polaj as land that is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and is never allowed to lie fallow. Parauti is left out of cultivation for a time to recover its strength, Chachar is fallow for three or four years, and Banjar is uncultivated for five years or more.

Silk

Gold

Spices

Cotton

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Abu'l Fazl describes gold as one of the products carried from the northern mountains to the plains.

Land that is annually cultivated for each crop in succession

Land left out of cultivation for a time to recover its strength

Land that has lain fallow for three or four years

Land uncultivated for five years and more

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

According to the Ain-i Akbari, 'Chachar' is land that has lain fallow for three or four years.

Handling foreign trade

Managing the imperial household

Looking after civil and military affairs

Collecting taxes from peasants

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The mansabdari system was responsible for looking after the civil and military affairs of the state.

To oversee religious ceremonies

To manage trade routes

To look after civil and military affairs

To collect taxes

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The mansabdari system was responsible for looking after the civil and military affairs of the state.

To oversee the collection of land revenue in the provinces.

To manage the imperial household and its maintenance.

To look after the civil and military affairs of the state.

To compile and translate historical documents.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The mansabdari system was a military-cum-bureaucratic apparatus responsible for managing the civil and military affairs of the Mughal state.

Manzil-abadi

Sipah-abadi

Mulk-abadi

Daftar-i Khana

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The third book, mulk-abadi, deals with the fiscal side of the empire and provides rich quantitative information on revenue rates.

To include more detailed biographical sketches of poets.

To ensure authenticity by cross-checking oral testimonies.

To add more chapters on the cultural traditions of India.

To update the maps of the Mughal Empire.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The manuscript was revised five times by Abu'l Fazl to ensure authenticity, as oral testimonies were cross-checked and verified before being incorporated as facts.

Sedentary agriculture

Gathering forest produce, hunting, and shifting agriculture

Trading spices

Building fortifications

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Forest dwellers, termed 'jangli', primarily engaged in gathering forest produce, hunting, and shifting agriculture.

To provide statistical information on revenue rates and the economic profile of provinces

To describe the imperial household and its maintenance

To cover the military and civil administration

To document the religious and cultural traditions of the people

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The 'mulk-abadi' section of the Ain-i Akbari deals with the fiscal side of the empire, providing rich quantitative information on revenue rates, and the geographic, topographic, and economic profile of all subas.

Introduction of new crops

Demand for forest products like honey and gum lac

Construction of new roads

Establishment of new villages

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The spread of commercial agriculture increased the demand for forest products like honey, beeswax, and gum lac.

Manzil-abadi

Sipah-abadi

Mulk-abadi

Daftar-i Khana

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The third book, 'Mulk-abadi', deals with the fiscal side of the empire and provides rich quantitative information on revenue rates.

It was a historical narrative of the Mughal conquests.

It was a compendium of imperial regulations and a gazetteer of the empire.

It was a religious text outlining the spiritual beliefs of the Mughal emperors.

It was a collection of poetry and literary works from the Mughal period.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The 'Ain-i Akbari' was a compendium of imperial regulations and a gazetteer of the empire, providing detailed accounts of the organization of the court, administration, and army.

To provide a historical narrative of Akbar's reign

To serve as a compendium of imperial regulations and a gazetteer of the empire

To document the biographies of Mughal emperors

To record the architectural achievements of the Mughal Empire

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari was organized as a compendium of imperial regulations and a gazetteer of the empire.

Manzil-abadi

Sipah-abadi

Mulk-abadi

Daftar-i Akbari

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The second book, sipah-abadi, covers the military and civil administration.

Imperial household maintenance

Military and civil administration

Fiscal aspects and revenue rates

Religious and cultural traditions

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The third book, 'mulk-abadi', of the Ain-i Akbari deals with the fiscal aspects of the empire, providing detailed quantitative information on revenue rates.

Honey

Gum lac

Elephants

Wax

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Gum lac became a major item of overseas export from India in the seventeenth century.

To ensure imperial regulations were carried out in the provinces

To lead military campaigns

To collect taxes from the zamindars

To manage the emperor's household

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

An Amin was responsible for ensuring that imperial regulations were carried out in the provinces.

They lived in permanent settlements and practiced sedentary agriculture.

They were nomadic and relied on hunting, gathering, and shifting agriculture.

They were primarily traders who engaged in long-distance commerce.

They were artisans specializing in metalwork and pottery.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The term 'jangli' described those whose livelihood came from gathering forest produce, hunting, and shifting agriculture, which were largely season-specific activities.

Writing petitions

Deserting the village

Organizing protests

Negotiating with zamindars

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In cases where reconciliation failed, peasants took recourse to more drastic forms of resistance, such as deserting the village.

Honey

Beeswax

Gum lac

Elephants

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Gum lac became a major item of overseas export from India in the seventeenth century.

Polaj

Parauti

Chachar

Banjar

Correct Answer: D

Solution:

Banjar is the type of land that was left uncultivated for five years or more, according to Akbar's classification.

They were responsible for collecting taxes from the villagers.

They acted as courts of appeal for disputes and ensured the state fulfilled its moral obligations.

They were primarily involved in organizing religious festivals.

They managed the military affairs of the village.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Village panchayats acted as courts of appeal in disputes and ensured that the state carried out its moral obligations, especially in conflicts between peasants and state officials.

Manzil-abadi

Sipah-abadi

Mulk-abadi

Daftar-i-Khas

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The third book, Mulk-abadi, deals with the fiscal side of the empire, providing rich quantitative information on revenue rates and the economic profile of the provinces.

To establish new settlements

To collect forest produce for trade

To capture elephants for the army

To expand agricultural land

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The state required elephants for the army, and the peshkash levied from forest people often included a supply of elephants.

The organization of the court and administration.

The literary, cultural, and religious traditions of the people.

The detailed personal diaries of Emperor Akbar.

The sources of revenue and the physical layout of the provinces.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari does not include personal diaries of Emperor Akbar. It is a compendium of imperial regulations and a gazetteer of the empire.

To describe the imperial household and its maintenance

To cover the military and civil administration

To provide detailed statistical information on revenue and geographic profiles

To document the religious and cultural traditions

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The 'mulk-abadi' section of the Ain-i Akbari provides detailed statistical information on revenue rates and geographic profiles of the provinces.

Mansabdars were responsible for the collection of taxes in their assigned regions.

Mansabdars were military officers who were paid in cash or through revenue assignments.

Mansabdars were exclusively responsible for the religious affairs of the empire.

Mansabdars were landowners who had hereditary rights to their lands.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The mansabdari system was a military-cum-bureaucratic apparatus where mansabdars were responsible for civil and military affairs and were paid in cash or through revenue assignments.

Polaj

Parauti

Chachar

Banjar

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Polaj land was cultivated every year for each crop in succession and was never left fallow, making it a prime category for continuous agricultural use.

Manzil-abadi

Sipah-abadi

Mulk-abadi

Daftar-i-Khas

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The third book, mulk-abadi, deals with the fiscal side of the empire.

Forests were primarily used for agricultural expansion.

Forests served as places of refuge for troublemakers.

Forests were the main source of timber for construction.

Forests were exclusively reserved for royal hunting expeditions.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Babur noted that forests served as places of refuge (mawas) for troublemakers, providing a good defense for rebellious people.

Introduction of new crops

Spread of commercial agriculture

Construction of new forts

Expansion of the Mughal navy

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The spread of commercial agriculture was an important external factor that impinged on the lives of those who lived in the forests.

Filing petitions in the imperial court.

Deserting the village.

Engaging in armed rebellion.

Appealing to the local zamindar.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

When faced with excessive revenue demands, peasants often resorted to deserting the village, which was an effective form of resistance due to the availability of uncultivated land and competition for labor.

Polaj

Parauti

Chachar

Banjar

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Polaj is land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and is never allowed to lie fallow.

To describe the imperial household

To cover military and civil administration

To deal with fiscal matters of the empire

To provide a collection of Akbar's sayings

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The third book, mulk-abadi, deals with the fiscal side of the empire and provides rich quantitative information on revenue rates.

They were responsible for collecting taxes from peasants.

They were military-cum-bureaucratic officials responsible for civil and military affairs.

They were religious leaders who advised the emperor.

They were merchants involved in overseas trade.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The mansabdars were part of the Mughal administrative system, responsible for looking after the civil and military affairs of the state.

Inconsistent data on prices and wages across provinces.

Lack of information on the caste composition of zamindars in Bengal and Orissa.

Errors in the transcription of oral testimonies.

Inaccurate measurements of land areas in the subas.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

While the Ain-i Akbari provided detailed fiscal data, it lacked uniform data collection on the caste composition of zamindars in provinces like Bengal and Orissa.

Petitioning the emperor

Deserting the village

Writing to the local zamindar

Organizing a protest march

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In cases where reconciliation failed, peasants took recourse to more drastic forms of resistance, such as deserting the village.

The imperial household and its maintenance.

The fiscal side of the empire, including revenue rates.

The military and civil administration.

The religious and cultural traditions of the people.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The term 'mulk-abadi' in the Ain-i Akbari refers to the fiscal aspects of the empire, providing detailed quantitative information on revenue rates and the economic profile of the provinces.

Polaj - Land that is left fallow for five years or more.

Parauti - Land that is annually cultivated for each crop in succession.

Chachar - Land that has lain fallow for three or four years.

Banjar - Land that is left out of cultivation for a time to recover strength.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Chachar is land that has lain fallow for three or four years. Polaj is annually cultivated land, Parauti is left out to recover strength, and Banjar is uncultivated for five years or more.

The spread of commercial agriculture

The introduction of new religions

The invention of new farming tools

The construction of new roads

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The spread of commercial agriculture was an important external factor that impinged on the lives of those who lived in the forests.

True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari was translated into English by Henry Blochmann and H.S. Jarrett, with Blochmann translating the first volume and Jarrett the subsequent volumes.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt states that Amin was an official responsible for ensuring that imperial regulations were carried out in the provinces.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Akbar's land classification system indeed included these categories, each with specific characteristics and purposes for cultivation and revenue assessment.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt describes the classification of lands under Akbar into four categories: Polaj, Parauti, Chachar, and Banjar, each with specific characteristics.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Forest dwellers, termed as 'jangli', had organized social structures and their activities were season-specific, indicating a structured way of life.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari provides detailed statistical information on the fiscal divisions, including geographic, topographic, and economic profiles.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari was revised five times by its author, Abu'l Fazl, to ensure a high degree of caution and authenticity.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Amin was indeed an official tasked with ensuring that the imperial regulations were implemented in the provinces.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari is made up of five books, with the first three describing various aspects of administration, including the imperial household, military, civil administration, and fiscal details.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari, particularly the third book, mulk-abadi, offers a detailed and complex view of agrarian society in northern India.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

While the Ain-i Akbari includes cultural and religious traditions, it primarily focuses on the administration, revenue, and organization of the Mughal Empire.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The mansabdari system was indeed a key component of the Mughal administrative system, responsible for managing both civil and military affairs.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

In the Mughal Empire, the mansabdari system included officials who were paid in cash (naqdi) as well as through assignments of revenue (jagirs).

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The mansabdari system involved officials who were paid either in cash (naqdi) or through assignments of revenue (jagirs).

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Henry Blochmann translated Volume 1 in 1873, and H.S. Jarrett translated the other two volumes in 1891 and 1894.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari covered a wide range of topics including administration, revenue, and cultural traditions, not just military aspects.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The mansabdari system was a military-cum-bureaucratic apparatus responsible for both civil and military affairs of the state.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The term 'jangli' described people whose livelihood came from forest produce, hunting, and shifting agriculture, and did not imply an absence of civilization.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The mansabdari system was a military-cum-bureaucratic apparatus responsible for both civil and military affairs of the state.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari includes detailed statistical information on revenue rates and the fiscal divisions of the empire, such as sarkars, parganas, and mahals.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari is not primarily a historical narrative of wars and conquests; instead, it is a compendium of imperial regulations and a gazetteer of the Mughal Empire.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The third book of the Ain-i Akbari, mulk-abadi, deals with the fiscal side of the empire and provides rich quantitative information on revenue rates.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt explains that gold and silver circulated through various regions and eventually centered in the Mughal Empire, contributing to its wealth.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt describes how forest dwellers engaged in seasonal activities like gathering forest produce, hunting, and shifting agriculture.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari underwent five revisions, highlighting the author's effort to ensure accuracy and authenticity in the document.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari was not just a historical narrative; it was a comprehensive document that included imperial regulations, a gazetteer, and detailed accounts of the administration, court, army, and cultural traditions.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

In Mughal India, being termed 'jangli' did not imply a lack of civilization; it referred to those whose livelihood depended on forest produce, hunting, and shifting agriculture.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari is a comprehensive document that includes detailed descriptions of the court, administration, army, and other aspects of the Mughal Empire.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Ain-i Akbari includes detailed statistical information on the geographic, topographic, and economic profiles of all subas and their administrative divisions.

Peasants: Zamindars and the State

AI Learning Assistant

Summary

Summary of the Ain-i Akbari

Learning Objectives

Detailed Notes

Themes in Indian History - Part II

Overview of the Ain

Structure of Mulk-abadi

Classification of Lands under Akbar

Role of Women in Agrarian Society

Limitations of the Ain

Conclusion

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Tips for Exam Preparation

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1.Which type of land was classified by Akbar as being left out of cultivation for a time to recover its strength?

Correct Answer: B

Q2.Which of the following was a responsibility of the Amin in the Mughal Empire?

Correct Answer: A

Q3.How did the Mughal state classify land for revenue assessment under Akbar?

Correct Answer: B

Q4.The Mughal administrative system included the mansabdari system. What was the primary function of the mansabdars in this system?

Correct Answer: C

Q5.Which of the following best describes the classification of land under Emperor Akbar's reign according to the Ain-i Akbari?

Correct Answer: A

Q6.Which of the following products was commonly traded between the hill tribes and the plains according to Abu'l Fazl?

Correct Answer: B

Q7.In the Mughal Empire under Akbar, land was classified into different categories for revenue assessment. Which of the following describes 'Chachar' land?

Correct Answer: C

Q8.What was the primary role of the mansabdari system in the Mughal administrative system?

Correct Answer: C

Q9.In the Mughal Empire, what was the primary role of the mansabdars?

Correct Answer: C

Q10.What was the primary role of the mansabdars in the Mughal administrative system?

Correct Answer: C

Q11.Which book of the Ain-i Akbari provides detailed statistical information on revenue rates and the economic profile of provinces?

Correct Answer: C

Q12.The Ain-i Akbari was revised multiple times by its author. What was one reason for these revisions according to historians?

Correct Answer: B

Q13.What was the primary activity of forest dwellers referred to as 'jangli'?

Correct Answer: B

Q14.In the Mughal Empire, what was the purpose of the 'mulk-abadi' section of the Ain-i Akbari?

Correct Answer: A

Q15.Which of the following was a significant external factor affecting the lives of forest dwellers in Mughal India?

Correct Answer: B

Q16.Which of the following books of the Ain-i Akbari deals with the fiscal side of the empire and provides quantitative information on revenue rates?

Correct Answer: C

Q17.What was the significance of the 'Ain-i Akbari' in the context of Mughal India?

Correct Answer: B

Q18.What was the purpose of the Ain-i Akbari?

Correct Answer: B

Q19.Which book of the Ain-i Akbari deals with the military and civil administration?

Correct Answer: B

Q20.The Ain-i Akbari is a significant historical document from the Mughal period. What was the primary focus of the third book, 'mulk-abadi'?

Correct Answer: C

Q21.What was a significant product of the forest dwellers that became a major item of overseas export in the seventeenth century?

Correct Answer: B

Q22.What was the role of an Amin in the Mughal Empire?

Correct Answer: A

Q23.In the Mughal Empire, the term 'jangli' referred to forest dwellers. Which of the following best describes their lifestyle?

Correct Answer: B

Q24.What was a common method of resistance used by peasants against excessive revenue demands in Mughal India?

Correct Answer: B

Q25.Which forest product became a major item of overseas export from India in the seventeenth century?

Correct Answer: C

Q26.Which type of land under Akbar's classification was left uncultivated for five years or more?

Correct Answer: D

Q27.Which of the following best describes the role of village panchayats in Mughal India?

Correct Answer: B

Q28.The Ain-i Akbari, a part of the Akbar Nama, provides detailed accounts of various aspects of the Mughal Empire. Which book of the Ain-i Akbari deals with the fiscal side of the empire?

Correct Answer: C

Q29.What was a significant reason for the Mughal state to make inroads into forests during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Correct Answer: C

Q30.The Ain-i Akbari provides detailed accounts of various aspects of the Mughal Empire. Which of the following is NOT covered in the Ain-i Akbari?

Correct Answer: C

Q31.In the context of the Ain-i Akbari, what was the primary function of the 'mulk-abadi' section?